Reversible Medical Image Watermarking for Tamper Detection and Recovery with Run Length Encoding Compression

Digital watermarking in medical images can ensure the authenticity and integrity of the image. This design paper reviews some existing watermarking schemes and proposes a reversible tamper detection and recovery watermarking scheme. Watermark data from ROI (Region Of Interest) are stored in RONI (Region Of Non Interest). The embedded watermark allows tampering detection and tampered image recovery. The watermark is also reversible and data compression technique was used to allow higher embedding capacity

Facial image protection based on watermarking technique

Facial Image with Tamper Localization and Lossless Recovery. Automatically calculate the PSNR value & MSE value of watermarked facial images. Recovered the tampered watermarked facial image to its original image without decrease fidelity of the facial image

A Blind Multiple Watermarks based on Human Visual Characteristics

Digital watermarking is an alternative solution to prevent unauthorized duplication, distribution and breach of ownership right. This paper proposes a watermarking scheme for multiple watermarks embedding. The embedding of multiple watermarks use a block-based scheme based on human visual characteristics. A threshold is used to determine the watermark values by modifying first column of the orthogonal U matrix obtained from Singular Value Decomposition (SVD). The tradeoff between normalize cross-correlation and imperceptibility of watermarked image from quantization steps was used to achieve an optimal threshold value. The results show that our proposed multiple watermarks scheme exhibit robustness against signal processing attacks. The proposed scheme demonstrates that the watermark recovery from chrominance blue was resistant against different types of attacks

Digital watermarking scheme for QR code security

QR code image digital watermarking with tamper localization and exact recovery using multi-level authentication. Automated calculation of watermark detection result and better visualization of tamper detection and QR code image recovery results

Watermark Compression in Digital Medical Image Watermarking

Large size data not only require more storage space but also require more transmission time in communication environment. Mostly this obstacle exists in every type image communication process such as in satellite and distributed health facilities provision applications. Data compression causes reduction in storage space and communication time. Data compression is divided into two main categories, lossy and lossless. Although in lossy compression the compression ratio is higher than lossless but mostly important part of data is lost. During data lossless compression important data is not lost and only size reduction taking place. Teleradiology is a health promoting technology used to share medical images among different experts located apart from each other to analyze the image data for patient better treatment and surgical planning. Medical image data is very sensitive data and need its compression without any loss otherwise it will result in erroneous input into health recovery process. This paper focuses on Ultrasound medical image lossless compression using different techniques. PNG, GIF, JPG, JPEG2000 version j2c, JPEG2000 version jp2 in lossless mode techniques were used for this purpose as shown in table 1. The techniques were compared based on compression ratio, time taken during compression and PNG was found the best one. The selected technique is suggested to be used for digital watermarking of Ultrasound medical images. Our consideration is US images because US images are small in sizes as compared to images produced by other modalities and most of information is located in the central part of the image known as Region of Interest (ROI). The rest of the image other than ROI is known as Region of Non Interest (RONI). The main purpose of image compression is the removal of redundant data in such a way that it can be reversed to their original version for the desired operations [Vilas H. Gaidhane et al, 2011]

Region of interest-based tamper detection and lossless recovery watermarking scheme on MRI and X-ray medical images

The advancement of the technology has introduced many applications that will ease human daily process and improve the way people connect to each other. One of the applications that has been introduced to the user and vastly improve our life is the healthcare system. Health care system allows the medical practitioner to aware of the patient's previous health condition and documents their current. It also allows the medical practitioner to communicate with each other or get some advice from their peers and colleague even if they are far from each other physically. To ensure the authenticity of an image when it is transfer through the health care system, watermarking has been implemented. Through the process of watermarking the images, the authenticity of the images can be ensured. In this study, a ROI-based tamper detection and recovery watermarking scheme has been introduced. The proposed scheme has been tested out on the MRI and XA images. The PSNR value for MRI is 49.09 for the sequential mode and 49.07 in parallel mode. On the other hand, PSNR for XA images is 52.68 in the sequential mode and 52.68 in the parallel mode

Dematel digraph: A decision making tool for project practitioners and researchers during covid-19 pandemic

DEMATEL DIGRAPH is a new invention that generates directed graph (Digraph) based on DEMATEL (Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory) algorithm. Helps students and project practitioners in solving complex decision problems, identifying critical risks and analyzing causeeffect chain components of a complex system

Importance of Watermark Lossless Compression in Digital Medical Image Watermarking

Large size data requires more storage space, communication time, communication bandwidth and degrades host image quality when it is embedded into it as watermark. Lossless compression reduces data size better than lossless one but with permanent loss of important part of data. Data lossless compression reduces data size contrast to lossy one without any data loss. Medical image data is very sensitive and needs lossless compression otherwise it will result in erroneous input for the health recovery process. This paper focuses on Ultrasound medical image region of interest(ROI) lossless compression as watermark using different techniques; PNG, GIF, JPG, JPEG2000 and Lempel Ziv Welsh (LZW). LZW technique was found 86% better than other tabulated techniques. Compression ratio and more bytes reduction were the parameters considered for the selection of better compression technique. In this work LZW has been used successfully for watermark lossless compression to watermark medical images in teleradiology to ensure less payload encapsulation into images to preserve their perceptual and diagnostic qualities unchanged. On the other side in teleradiology the extracted lossless decompressed watermarks ensure the images authentication and their lossless recoveries in case of any tamper occurrences

Fast image watermarking based on signum of cosine matrix

In the field of image watermarking, the singular value decomposition has good imperceptibility and robustness, but it has high complexity. It divides a host image into matrices of U, S, and V. Singular matrix S has been widely used for embedding and extracting watermark, while orthogonal matrices of U and V are used in decomposition and reconstruction. The proposed signum of cosine matrix method is carried out to eliminate the generation of the three matrices at each block and replace it with a signum of cosine matrix. The proposed signum of cosine matrix is performed faster on the decomposition and reconstruction. The image is transformed into a coefficient matrix C using the signum matrix. The C matrix values are closer to the S value of singular value decomposition which can preserve high quality of the watermarked image. The experimental results show that our method is able to produce similar imperceptibility and robustness level of the watermarked image with less computational time

Critical Risk Factors in Construction Projects: A Dematel-Based Model

Construction projects are defenceless to more risks compared to the other industries due to their nature and complexities. These risks can lead to performance reductions, increased costs, scheduling delays, and even project failure. It is noted that the success of the project depends on identifying the most common risk factors and mitigate them effectively. Numerous studies have discussed the significance of investigating the critical risks in the construction projects but the complex causal relationships among the risk factors and their relative significance with respect to each other remain unexplored. The purpose of this paper is to identify the critical risk factors and investigate the interrelationship among the risk factors in the construction projects. Detailed literature review has been conducted and ten risk factors were identified. Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) is employed in the study to prioritize the risks and then analyse the causal relationship among the factors. Based on the interview data from thirteen experts, the results show design risks are the critical risk factors. The findings in this study can provide structural visualization of complex causal relationships among risk factors and also allow construction experts to prioritize the resource allocation to achieve project objectives. Keywords: Construction Industry; Critical Risks; Decision Making Trial & Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL)